Author Contributions Conceptualization, P.G.; methodology, M.M.W.; formal analysis, M.M.W.; investigation, M.M.W.; data curation, M.M.W.; writing—original draft preparation, M.M.W.; writing—review and editing, M.M.W.; visualization, M.M.W.; supervision, P.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding There was no external funding, the payment will be provided by medical university in Wroclaw. Data Availability Statement No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Author Contributions Conceptualization, P.G.; methodology, M.M.W.; formal analysis, M.M.W.; investigation, M.M.W.; data curation, M.M.W.; writing—original draft preparation, M.M.W.; writing—review and editing, M.M.W.; visualization, M.M.W.; supervision, P.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. References Dronkers, J.; van Veldhuisen, D.J.; van der Meer, P.; Meems, L.M. 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A Scientific Statement of the Heart Failure Association, the European Heart Rhythm Association of the European Society of Cardiology, and the European Society of Hypertension. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2023, 25, 936–955. [] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Schematic overview of the proposed pathophysiological mechanisms underlying HFpEF progression in obesity, illustrating the interactions between adipose tissue, systemic inflammation, myocardial remodeling, and their clinical implications. Schematic overview of the proposed pathophysiological mechanisms underlying HFpEF progression in obesity, illustrating the interactions between adipose tissue, systemic inflammation, myocardial remodeling, and their clinical implications. Summary of the main findings and pathophysiological mechanisms described in the literature regarding the relationship between natriuretic peptides, adipose tissue, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Summary of the main findings and pathophysiological mechanisms described in the literature regarding the relationship between natriuretic peptides, adipose tissue, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Study Main Findings Clinical Significance MDPI and ACS Style Wilk, M.M.; Gajewski, P. Adipose Tissue, Natriuretic Peptides, and HFpEF: Clinical Implications of the Obesity Paradox. Biomedicines 2026, 14, 1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14061305 AMA Style Wilk MM, Gajewski P. Adipose Tissue, Natriuretic Peptides, and HFpEF: Clinical Implications of the Obesity Paradox. Biomedicines. 2026; 14(6):1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14061305 Chicago/Turabian Style Wilk, Michał Maksymilian, and Piotr Gajewski. 2026. "Adipose Tissue, Natriuretic Peptides, and HFpEF: Clinical Implications of the Obesity Paradox" Biomedicines 14, no. 6: 1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14061305 APA Style Wilk, M. M., & Gajewski, P. (2026). Adipose Tissue, Natriuretic Peptides, and HFpEF: Clinical Implications of the Obesity Paradox. Biomedicines, 14(6), 1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14061305 Schematic overview of the proposed pathophysiological mechanisms underlying HFpEF progression in obesity, illustrating the interactions between adipose tissue, systemic inflammation, myocardial remodeling, and their clinical implications. Schematic overview of the proposed pathophysiological mechanisms underlying HFpEF progression in obesity, illustrating the interactions between adipose tissue, systemic inflammation, myocardial remodeling, and their clinical implications. Summary of the main findings and pathophysiological mechanisms described in the literature regarding the relationship between natriuretic peptides, adipose tissue, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Summary of the main findings and pathophysiological mechanisms described in the literature regarding the relationship between natriuretic peptides, adipose tissue, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Study Main Findings Clinical Significance Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.
